General Training Reading Sample 28

Australia

Domestic travel

Have you ever travelled to another part of your country and stayed for a few days? Travel within one's own country is popular throughout the world. And, according to a survey carried out in Australia in 2002, travellers are tending to spend more and more money on their holidays.

The Domestic Tourism Expenditure Survey showed that domestic travellers – those travelling within the country – injected $23 billion into the Australian economy in 2002. As a result, domestic tourism became the mainstay of the industry, accounting for 75 per cent of total tourism expenditure in Australia. International tourism, on the other hand, added $7 billion to the economy. Overall, in present dollar terms, Australians spent $7 billion more on domestic tourism in 2002 than they did when the first survey of tourist spending was completed in 1991.

Thus, tourism has become one of Australia's largest industries. The combined tourist industry now accounts for about 5 per cent of the nation's gross domestic product, compared with agriculture at 4.3 per cent and manufacturing at 8 per cent. Tourism is therefore an important earner for both companies and individuals in a wide range of industries. For example, the transport industry benefits from the extra money poured into it. Hotels spring up in resort areas to provide accommodation, and the catering industry gains as tourists spend money in restaurants. The retail sector benefits as well, as many tourists use their holidays to shop for clothes, accessories and souvenirs.

In most countries, the land is divided into different political areas. Australia is divided into six states and two territories. Since people travel for different reasons, there are significant differences in the length of time people stay in different locations and in the amount they spend while there.

In 2002, Australian residents spent $8.4 billion on day trips and almost twice that amount on trips involving at least one night away from home. In that year, a total of 45 million overnight trips were made in Australia. Of these, 14.9 million were spent in New South Wales, 10.3 million were spent in Queensland, and 9.2 million were spent in Victoria. Fewer nights were spent in the other states, with 3.7 million in South Australia, 1.5 million in Tasmania and 5 million in Western Australia. Despite the popularity of destinations such as Ayers Rock and Kakadu National Park, only 0.4 million overnight stays were recorded in the Northern Territory.

New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria attracted the greatest tourism revenue, with $5.2 billion, $5.1 billion and $3.3 billion spent there respectively. The average expenditure for trips was $395 per person, with accommodation the biggest expenditure, followed by meals and fuel. The survey also showed that costs were higher for inter-state travellers, who each spent an average of $812 per trip compared with $255 for those who travelled within one state. Trips to the Northern Territory were the most expensive, followed by Queensland, with South Australia and Victoria the least.

Comparing the costs of trips for different purposes, the survey found that business trips were the most expensive because they were more likely to involve stays in commercial accommodation. Trips taken for educational reasons – to visit universities, museums etc. – were also expensive, especially as they usually required inter-state plane tickets. Family holidays lay in the medium range, with transport and fares contributing to the cost, but adventure parks the major expense. But while visits to friends and relatives were the least expensive – due to lower accommodation, food and transport costs – these travellers spent most on shopping.

The survey also estimates that Australians made 253 million day trips in 2002, visiting parks, beaches and city attractions. The largest expenses were petrol costs (averaging $10 per day trip), followed by meals, souvenirs and entry fees. Day trips tended to cost the most in the Northern Territory, while South Australia was the cheapest. Overall, the survey found that men travelling alone spent more than any tourist group. In particular, men spent more on transport and meals. Women travelling alone spent the most on clothes, while souvenirs were bought more often by families than by other tourists.

The challenge for the tourism industry now is to encourage Australians to continue spending money on travel and, if possible, to increase the amount they spend.

Questions 1-3

Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

Industries that benefit from tourism

transport

1....................

2....................

3....................

Questions 4-7

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet..

4 The state or territory in which the highest number of overnight trips was made was .................................

5 The state or territory in which the lowest number of overnight trips was made was ...............................

6 People travelling from state to state spent more than those travelling .............................

7 The TWO cheapest states or territories to travel to were ............................ and ................................

Questions 8-11

Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet.

                        Major Expenses for different trips

Purpose of trip	Major expense
business	accommodation
education	8....................
family holiday	9....................
visiting relatives	10....................
day trips	11....................

Questions 12 and 13

Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet..

12 The category of people who spent the most on travel in Australia in 2002 were ...........................

13 The category who spent the most on souvenirs were ................................

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IELTS Academic Reading Sample 28

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 – 14 which are based on Reading Passage 28 below.

 Cleaning up The Thames

The River Thames, which was biologically “dead” as recently as the 1960s, is now the cleanest metropolitan river in the world, according to the Thames Water Company. The company says that thanks to major investment in better sewage treatment in London and the Thames Valley, the river that flows through the United Kingdom capital and the Thames Estuary into the North Sea is cleaner now than it has been for 130 years. The Fisheries Department, who are responsible for monitoring fish levels in the River Thames, has reported that the river has again become the home to 115 species of fish including sea bass, flounder, salmon, smelt, and shad. Recently, a porpoise was spotted cavorting in the river near central London.

But things were not always so rosy. In the 1950s, sewer outflows and industrial effluent had killed the river. It was starved of oxygen and could no longer support aquatic life. Until the early 1970s, if you fell into the Thames you would have had to be rushed to hospital to get your stomach pumped. A clean-up operation began in the 1960s. Several Parliamentary Committees and Royal Commissions were set up, and, over time, legislation has been introduced that put the onus on polluters-effluent-producing premises and businesses to dispose of waste responsibly. In 1964 the Greater London Council (GLC) began work on greatly enlarged sewage works, which were completed in 1974.

The Thames clean up is not over though. It is still going on, and it involves many disparate arms of government and a wide range of non-government stakeholder groups, all representing a necessary aspect of the task. In London ’s case, the urban and non-urban London boroughs that flank the river ’s course each has its own reasons for keeping “their ”river nice. And if their own reasons do not hold out a sufficiently attractive carrot, the government also wields a compelling stick. The 2000 Local Government Act requires each local borough to “prepare a community strategy for promoting or improving the economic, social and environmental well-being of their area.” And if your area includes a stretch of river, that means a sustainable river development strategy.

Further legislation aimed at improving and sustaining the river’s viability has been proposed. There is now legislation that protects the River Thames, either specifically or as part of a general environmental clause, in the Local Government Act, the London Acts,and the law that created the post of the mayor of London. And these are only the tip of an iceberg that includes industrial, public health and environmental protection regulations. The result is a wide range of bodies officially charged, in one way or another, with maintaining the Thames as a public amenity. For example, Transport for London -the agency responsible for transport in the capital - plays a role in regulating river use and river users. They now are responsible forcontrolling the effluents and rubbish coming from craft using the Thames. This is done by officers on official vessels regularly inspectiing craft and doing spot checks. Another example is how Thames Water (TW) has now been charged to reduce the amount of litter that finds its way into the tidal river and its tributaries. TW ’s environment and quality manager, Dr. Peter Spillett, said: “This project will build on our investment which has dramatically improved the water quality of the river. London should not be spoiled by litter which belongs in the bin not the river.”  Thousands of tons of rubbish end up in the river each year, from badly stored waste, people throwing litter off boats, and rubbish in the street being blown or washed into the river. Once litter hits the water it becomes too heavy to be blown away again and therefore the rivers act as a sink in the system. While the Port of London already collects up to 3,000 tons of solid waste from the tideway every year, Thames Water now plans to introduce a new device to capture more rubbish floating down the river. It consists of a huge cage that sits in the flow of water and gathers the passing rubbish.Moored just offshore in front of the Royal Naval College at Greenwich,south-east London,the device is expected to capture up to 20 tons of floating litter each year.If washed out to sea, this rubbish can kill marine mammals, fish and birds. This machine, known as the Rubbish Muncher,is hoped to be the first of many, as the TW is now looking for sponsors to pay for more cages elsewhere along the Thames. Monitoring of the cleanliness of the River Thames in the past was the responsibility of a welter of agencies -British Waterways, Port of London Authority,the Environment Agency, the Health and Safety Commission, Thames Water –as well as academic departments and national and local environment groups.If something was not right, someone was bound to call foul and hold somebody to account,whether it was the local authority, an individual polluter or any of the many public and private sector bodies that bore a share of the responsibility for maintaining the River Thames as a public amenity. Although they will all still have their part to play, there is now a central department in the Environment Agency, which has the remit of monitoring the Thames. This centralisation of accountability will, it is hoped, lead to more efficient control and enforcement.

[Source:US Water News 2000]

Questions 1 -6

Some of the actions taken to clean up the River Thames are listed below.

The writer gives these actions as examples of things that have been done by various agencies connected with the River Thames.

Match each action with the agency responsible for doing it. Write the appropriate letters (A-G )in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

Actions to Clean up the River Thames

A   Operating the Rubbish Muncher

B   Creating Community Strategies

C   Monitoring the Cleanliness of the River Thames

D   Monitoring Fish Levels

E   Collecting Solid Waste from the Tideway

F   Creating Enlarged Sewage Works

G  Controlling the River Thames ’ Traffic

Example                                                                  Answer

The Fisheries Department                                               D

1   The Environment Agency

2   Transport for London

3   The Greater London Council

4   Thames Water

5   Port of London

6   Local Boroughs

Questions 7 -14

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer of the reading passage on Cleaning up the Thames ?

In Boxes 7 -14 write:

         YES              if the statement agrees with the writer

         NO                if the statement doesn’t agree with the writer

         NOT GIVEN   if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

 7   The Thames is now cleaner that it was in 1900.

 8   Swimming in the Thames now poses no health hazards.

 9   It is now mainly the responsibility of those who pollute the Thames to clean their waste up.

10  All local London boroughs are now partly responsible for keeping the Thames clean.

11  Transport for London now employs a type of River Police to enforce control of their regulations.

12  Rubbish Munchers are now situated at various locations on the Thames.

13  Previously no one department had overall responsibility or control for monitoring the cleanliness of the Thames.

14  British Waterways will no longer have any part in keeping the Thames clean.

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General Training Reading Sample 27

Business School Online

Our courses can be started anytime from anywhere in the world and completed at your own pace. A certificate is issued on successful completion of the course.

ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION COURSE

Duration: 100 Hours

Course Materials: Upon enrolment, you will receive all of the materials that are essential to complete the course. Course materials include subject guides, printed notes, textbooks, videos and practical equipment. In certain circumstances you may be required to do extra research – in which case your tutor is able to advise you where necessary.

Course Outline: There are ten lessons in this course, each requiring about 10-12 hours work by the student. This course is designed as a program to help you understand the marketing world, then, to assist you in making decisions and developing skills in marketing. Emphasis is placed on profitability and efficiency!

EXAMPLES OF THE TYPE OF ASSIGNMENTS YOU MIGHT BE ASKED TO UNDERTAKE

A)  Go shopping (your routine weekly shopping if you like). Take notice of how different sales staff communicate with you. Note the techniques they use (verbal and non verbal), and how effective they are. Note the type of impression they seem to be creating. When you come home, write down notes on your observations.

B)  Look through newspapers or magazines at advertisements or articles which discuss products offered for sale and find what you consider to be good examples of each of the following types of communication:

a. Verbal communication

b. Non verbal communication

c. Combination of verbal and non-verbal communication

Explain why you think these are good examples?

C)  Select a product or service for which you would like to improve the marketing. This might be something you are dealing with in your own business or a business you work for; or it might be something you think has potential — an idea you would like to develop into a business OR something another business is dealing with, but not handling as well as you think they could.

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IELTS Academic Reading Sample 27

READING PASSAGE 27
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-25 which are based on Reading Passage 27 on the following pages.

SECRETS OF THE FORESTS

A In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket-knives".

B Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono epitomize the popular conception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not - and cannot - sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment.

C The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies - some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000 - thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. (Indeed, some contemporary tribes, including the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of earlier cultures.) Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past.

D The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants.

E The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas.

F The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.

Questions 13-15
Reading Passage 27 has six sections A-F.
Choose the most suitable headings for sections A, B and D from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate numbers i-vii in boxes 13-15 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings  i     Amazonia as unable to sustain complex societies ii    The role of recent technology in ecological research in Amazonia iii   The hostility of the indigenous population to North American influences iv    Recent evidence v     Early research among the Indian Amazons vi    The influence of prehistoric inhabitants on Amazonian natural history vii    The great difficulty of changing local  attitudes and practices

13   Section A
14   Section B

        Example                                                                        Answer
        Paragraph C                                                                       iv 

15   Section D

Questions 16-21
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 27? In boxes 16—21 on your answer sheet write :
              YES               if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
              NO                 if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
              NOT GIVEN    if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Example                                                                                                             Answer
The prehistoric inhabitants of   Amazonia were relatively                                              NO
backward in technological terms. 

16 The reason for the simplicity of the Indian way of life is that Amazonia has always been unable to support a more complex society.
17 There is a crucial popular misconception about the human history of Amazonia.
18 There are lessons to be learned from similar ecosystems in other parts of the world.
19 Most ecologists were aware that the areas of Amazonia they were working in had been shaped by human settlement.
20 The indigenous Amazonian Indians are necessary to the well-being of the forest.
21 It would be possible for certain parts of Amazonia to support a higher population.

Questions 22-25
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.

22 In 1942 the US anthropology student concluded that the Siriono
    A were unusually aggressive and cruel.
    B had had their way of life destroyed by invaders.
    C were an extremely primitive society.
    D had only recently made permanent settlements.

23 The author believes recent discoveries of the remains of complex societies in Amazonia
    A are evidence of early indigenous communities.
    B are the remains of settlements by invaders.
    C are the ruins of communities established since the European invasions.
    D show the region has only relatively recently been covered by forest.

24 The assumption that the tropical ecosystem of Amazonia has been created solely by natural forces
    A has often been questioned by ecologists in the past.
    B has been shown to be incorrect by recent research.
    C was made by Peter Feinsinger and other ecologists.
    D has led to some fruitful discoveries.

25 The application of our new insights into the Amazonian past would
    A warn us against allowing any development at all.
    B cause further suffering to the Indian communities.
    C change present policies on development in the region.
    D reduce the amount of hunting, fishing, and ‘slash-and-burn’.

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General Training Reading Sample 26

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 26.

Which THREE possible reasons for American dominance of the film industry are given in the text?

A  plenty of capital to purchase what it didn't have

B  making films dealing with serious issues

C  being first to produce a feature film

D  well-written narratives

E  the effect of the First World War

F  excellent special effects.

 

The history of cinema

Although French, German, American and British pioneers have all been credited with the invention of cinema, the British and the Germans played a relatively small role in its world-wide exploitation. It was above all the French, followed closely by the Americans, who were the most passionate exporters of the new invention, helping to start cinema in China, Japan, Latin America and Russia. In terms of artistic development it was again the French and the Americans who took the lead, though in the years before the First World War, Italy, Denmark and Russia also played a part.

In the end it was the United States that was to become, and remain, the largest single market for films. By protecting their own market and pursuing a vigorous export policy, the Americans achieved a dominant position on the world market by the start of the First World War. The centre of film-making had moved westwards, to Hollywood, and it was films from these new Hollywood studios that flooded onto the worldís film markets in the years after the First World War, and have done so ever since. Faced with total Hollywood domination, few film industries proved competitive. The Italian industry, which had pioneered the feature film with spectacular films like ìQuo vadis?î (1913) and "Cabiria" (1914), almost collapsed. In Scandinavia, the Swedish cinema had a brief period of glory, notably with powerful epic films and comedies. Even the French cinema found itself in a difficult position. In Europe, only Germany proved industrially capable, while in the new Soviet Union and in Japan, the development of the cinema took place in conditions of commercial isolation.

Hollywood took the lead artistically as well as industrially. Hollywood films appealed because they had better-constructed narratives, their special effects were more impressive, and the star system added a new dimension to screen acting. If Hollywood did not have enough of its own resources, it had a great deal of money to buy up artists and technical innovations from Europe to ensure its continued dominance over present or future competition.

From early cinema, it was only American slapstick comedy that successfully developed in both short and feature format. However, during this ëSilent Filmí era, animation, comedy, serials and dramatic features continued to thrive, along with factual films or documentaries, which acquired an increasing distinctiveness as the period progressed. It was also at this time that the avant-garde film first achieved commercial success, this time thanks almost exclusively to the French and the occasional German film.

Of the countries which developed and mainta ined distinctive national cinemas in the silent period, the most important were France, Germany and the Soviet Union. Of these, the French displayed the most continuity, in spite of the war and post-war economic uncertainties. The German cinema, relatively insignificant in the pre-war years, exploded on to the world scene after 1919. Yet even they were both overshadowed by the Soviets after the 1917 Revolution. They turned their back on the past, leaving the style of the pre-war Russian cinema to the emigres who fled westwards to escape the Revolution.

The other countries whose cinemas changed dramatically are: Britain, which had an interesting but undistinguished history in the silent period; Italy, which had a brief moment of international fame just before the war; the Scandinavian countries, particularly Denmark, which played a role in the development of silent cinema quite out of proportion to their small population; and Japan, where a cinema developed based primarily on traditional theatrical and, to a lesser extent, other art forms and only gradually adapted to western influence.

Questions 31-33

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet.

31 Which TWO types of film were not generally made in major studios?  

32 Which type of film did America develop in both short and feature films?  

33 Which type of film started to become profitable in the 'silent' period? 

Questions 34 - 40

Look at the following statements (Questions 34-40) and the list of countries below.

Match each statement with the correct country.

Write the correct letter A-J in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

34 It helped other countries develop their own film industry.

35 It was the biggest producer of films.

36 It was first to develop the 'feature' film.

37 It was responsible for creating stars.

38 It made the most money from 'avant-garde' films.

39 It made movies based more on its own culture than outside influences.

40 It had a great influence on silent movies, despite its size.

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IELTS Academic Reading Sample 26

IELTS ACADEMIC READING PASSAGE 26

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1—12 which are based on Reading Passage 26 below.

THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY

The Department of Ethnography was created as a separate deportment within the British Museum in 1946, offer 140 years of gradual development from the original Department of Antiquities. If is concerned with the people of Africa, the Americas, Asio, the Pacific and parrs of Europe. While this includes complex kingdoms, as in Africa, and ancient empires, such as those of the Americas, the primary focus of attention in the twentieth century has been on small-scale societies. Through its collections, the Department’s specific interest is to document how objects are created and used, and to understand their importance and significance to those who produce them. Such objects can include both the extraordinary ond the mundane, the beautiful and the banal.

The collections of the Department of Ethnography include approximately 300,000 artefacts, of which about half are the product of fhe present century. The Department has o vital role to play in providing information on non-Western cultures to visitors ond scholars. To this end, the collecting emphasis has often been less on individual objects than on groups of material which allow the display of a btoad range of o society’s cultural expressions. Much of the more recent collecting was carried out in the field, sometimes by Museum staff working on general anthropological projects in collaboration with a wide variety of national governments and other institutions. The material collected includes great technical series - for instance, of textiles from Bolivia, Guatemala, Indonesia and ateas of West Africa - or of artefact types such as boats. The latter include working examples of coracles from India, reed boars from Lake Titicaca in fhe Andes, kayaks from fhe Arctic, and dug-out canoes from several countries. The field assemblages, such as those from fhe Sudan, Madagascat and Yemen, include a whole range of material culture represenrarive of one people. This might cover the necessities of life of an African herdsman or on Arabian farmer, ritual objects, or even on occasion airport art. Again, a series of acquisitions might represent a decade’s fieldwork documenting social experience as expressed in the varieties of clothing and jewellery styles, tents and camel trappings from various Middle Eastern countries, or in the developing preferences in personal adornment and dress from Papua New Guinea. Particularly interesting are a series of collections which continue to document the evolution of ceremony and of material forms for which the Department already possesses early (if nor the earliest) collections formed after the first contact with Europeans.

The importance of these acquisitions extends beyond the objects themselves. They come fo the Museum with documentation of the social context, ideally including photographic records. Such acquisitions have multiple purposes. Most significantly they document for future change. Most people think of the cultures represented in the collection in terms of the absence of advanced technology. In fact, traditional practices draw on a continuing wealth of technological ingenuity. Limited resources and ecological constraints are often overcome by personal skills that would be regarded as exceptional in the West. Of growing interest is the way in which much of what we might see as disposable is, elsewhere, recycled and reused.

With the Independence of much of Asia and Africa after 1945, if was assumed that economic progress would rapidly lead to the disappearance or assimilation of many small-scale societies. Therefore, it was felt that the Museum should acquire materials representing people whose art or material culture, ritual or political structures were on the point of irrevocable change. This attitude altered with the realisation that marginal communities can survive and adapt In spire of partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy. Since the seventeenth century, with the advent of trading companies exporting manufactured textiles to North America and Asia, the importation of cheap goods has often contributed to the destruction of local skills and indigenous markets. On fhe one hand modern imported goods may be used in an everyday setting, while on the other hand other traditional objects may still be required for ritually significant events. Within this context trade and exchange aftifudes are inverted. What are utilifarian objects to a Westerner may be prized objects in other cultures - when transformed by locol ingenuity - principally for aesthetic value. In fhe some way, the West imports goods from other peoples and in certain circumsronces categotises them as ‘art’.

 Collections act as an ever-expanding database, nor merely for scholars and anthropologists, bur for people involved in a whole range of educational and artistic purposes. These include schools and universities as well as colleges of art and design. The provision of information about non-Western aesthetics and techniques, not just for designers and artists but for all visitors, is a growing responsibility for a Department whose own context is an increasingly multicultural European society.

Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write
     TRUE             if the statement is true according to the passage
     FALSE            if the statement is false according to the passage
     NOT GIVEN    if the information is not given in the passage

Example                                                                                                       Answer

The Department of Ethnography replaced the Department of                                FALSE

Antiquities at the British Museum.

1  The twentieth-century collections come mainly from mainstream societies such as the US and Europe.

2  The Department of Ethnography focuses mainly on modern societies.

3  The Department concentrates on collecting single unrelated objects of great value.

4  The textile collection of the Department of Ethnography is the largest in the world.

5  Traditional societies are highly inventive in terms of technology.

6  Many small-scale societies have survived and adapted in spite of predictions to the contrary.

Questions 7-12

Some of the exhibits at the Department of Ethnography are listed below (Questions 7-12). The writer gives these exhibits as examples of different collection types. Match each exhibit with the collection type with which it is associated in Reading Passage 1. Write the appropriate letters in boxes 7-12 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any collection type more than once.

 Example                             Answer

 Boats                                     AT    

Collection Type

AT     Artefact Types

EC     Evolution of Ceremony

FA      Field Assemblages

SE     Social Experience

TS     Technical Series

 7   Bolivian textiles

 8   Indian coracles

 9   airport art

10  Arctic kayaks

11  necessities of life of an Arabian farmer

12  tents from the Middle East

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